Use of ijarah sukuk by Islamic banks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Use of ijarah sukuk by Islamic banks - Essay Example The intention of this study is Ijarah Sukuk as a type of sukuk based on leased assets, involves securities of the same value of every issue, and stands for long lasting physical assets. These assets are attached to an ijarah contract that is based on Shari’a. On that note, there are several reasons why Ijarah Sukuk is considered a contentious financial instrument. For example, Ijarah Sukuk permits corporate customers access to other methods of Islamic refinancing. In addition it grants Islamic organizations a way of handling their liquidity. In contrast, lack of global standards on the acceptable commodities facilitates the establishment of an appropriate global interbanking market. Furthermore, there is always the problem of over taxation because Ijarah Sukuk holders possess assets that they fund such as capital gains tax, value added tax and double stamp duty land tax. This affects its growth as the minimum revenue accrued is diminished during over taxation. Similarly, Ijara h sukuk is viewed as a contentious financial instrument because it only offers securitization. Ijarah sukuk and not any other lease bond securitize this means that the revenue produced. There is also the issue of principal-agent challenges. This entails lack of financial capability by Islamic banks to manage its principal-agent challenges. Therefore, this affects long-term funding due to insufficient credit in the market. In this case, a bank may decide to use readily accessible conventional lease bonds because ijarah sukuk is not applicable for long financial projects (Ayub, 2009, p.65). Alternatively, there is the unavailability of ijarah sukuk investments in the market especially to low-earning businesspersons. It is only available to wealthy men hence it widens the space between the rich and poor. On that note, we can say that ijarah sukuk needs organizations with many assets and these assets must not be impeded by other factors. Furthermore, deals involving ijarah sukuk are oft en deficient of legal infrastructure within upcoming markets especially in relation to trusts or property. On the other perspective, less designed variants of sukuk gets disheartened by the economic likeness of ijarah sukuk and fixed-income goods of conventional lease bonds because of the ideologies of profits and loss sharing. There is also the investment law that governs ijarah sukuk whereby limitations of foreign ownership transfer taxes with large ownership may deter the genuine sales of an asset. Another contention with ijarah sukuk is its complex structure when granted in a non-Islamic nation may result to attempts to counter the problem of designing a tax proficient structure that complies with Shari’a (Lewis & Hassan 2007, p.54). Additionally, ijarah sukuk as a financial tool requires care in terms of bank considerations. This is because of the tendency of sukuk transaction to establish a shared interest of beneficial possession for the sukuk proprietor. 2. Difference s and similarities between Ijarah Sukuk and the conventional lease bond There are various similarities and disparity between Ijarah Sukuk and the conventional lease bond. In our case, we will begin with the differences. For instance, the role of sukuk in the Islamic finance perspective is sharing. Therefore, those

Define Marketing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Define Marketing Paper - Essay Example Taken into account these definitions, it is possible to say that marketing is a matching process between the needs and expectations of customers, and the ability and capacity of the organizations to satisfy these needs. Also, the aim of the company is to create high quality products to meet the needs of the customers and attract new clients. Marketing is important to organizational success because it involves sales, purchases, exchange of goods, services and information about these goods. Marketing is supported by such activities as advertising, the publishing of a wide range of information, scheduling, distribution, payment, and service. Also, marketing can be described as the activity that involves product design, manufacturing, and transportation. Without marketing, an organization will not be able properly plan its activities in order to reach a common goal. Marketing helps to coordinate work of "production, research and financial activities" (Appleby, 1994, p.262). The recent activities of Tesco PLC (the

Morality Towards Animals Kantian Vs Utilitarian

Morality Towards Animals Kantian Vs Utilitarian Historically, there has been some debate between Kantian and Utilitarian philosophers on the moral status of animals. This great debate over whether or not moral consideration should be granted to non-human animals deserves to be rectified at some point. Many argue that there is a resolution to this debate that can be used via a distinction between the two to clearly distinguish human beings from all other animals on the planet. But, as shall be shown in this paper, the evidence thus far for such a distinction is seriously doubtful at best. Unfortunately without such a distinction, it becomes increasingly difficult to argue, with a straight philosophical face, that non-human animals should be afforded less than equivalent moral considerations to that of human beings. After all, if no meaningful distinction between human beings and non-human animals, than we ultimately are arguing from an uncertain position that says one group should receive better treatment than the other. This paper shall examine the debate over this issue, primarily through Kantian and Utilitarian perspectives, and hopefully enlighten the problems in both positions, though particularly the Kantian one. Although the Utilitarian position on the issue of moral concerns for non-human animals is far from perfect, it represents a more justifiable position than the Kantians. Its not surprising that many of the people who argue are the very same people who are most interested in justifying and continuing practices towards non-human animals that cause pain, suffering and death to non-human animals (Gruen, 2003). Often the welfare opposed to the rights of non-human animals is more widely accepted which can often confuse the debate in question. People tend to argue that humans unlike animals have characteristics that clearly distinguish the differences those of which include rationality, autonomy, moral agency, language capability, free will and self-consciousness among others (Garner, 2010). Interestingly, Act Utilitarians believe that regardless of human beings and non-human animals, any action toward these is only permissible if it follows the balance of pleasure outweighing pain (Garner, 2010). Not all claims can say as much. The hope, no doubt, is that philosophical wrangling can justify and absolve them of practices that are largely recognized to be cr uel and harmful to non-human animals. Unfortunately for the groups still largely oblivious to the moral considerations for non-human animals, we find that there is no meaningful way, morally or philosophically, to separate humans from non-human animals. The result, in the hopes of being intellectually consistent, is that we need to give consideration to the suffering and moral position of non-human animals equally, as we would also do for human beings. Of course, supporters of the above position immediately argue that there is a clear division between human beings and non-human animals based on speciation alone. In this belief, we might give moral consideration to a fellow human being, but a cow or chicken? A chicken for instance, is not considered a human being (for those who have doubts) and cannot lay claim to the species-specific moral considerations that humans enjoy according to this claim. But, for the philosopher, membership in one species over the other is of utmost irrelevance, especially when considering morality. It is, in essence, considered a non-issue if we cannot in-turn provide evidence for why such species differentiation translates into a differing of moral consideration (Garner, 2010). Ultimately it would be like arguing that any accident of birth is reason enough to deny certain individuals moral concern: perhaps leaving out entirely all women, overweight people, short people or Japanese people. The division be tween human beings and non-human animals must be demonstrated on some other plain other than purely biological grounds. In as such, many have turned to the idea that human beings differ due to their possession of abilities that are unique to our species and that are concrete us firmly in place to that of the rest of the outside non-human world. But, it seems that this argument has fallen flat too. As stated in Gruen (2003), human behaviour and cognition share deep roots with the behaviour and cognition of other animals. There have been numerous examples in the non-human animal world of behaviours that are very similar, if not identical to behaviours that most humans would consider to be uniquely human. In any socially complex non-human animal species, there is evidence of what one would consider to be altruistic or familial behaviour. Family ties are often seen in many of the primate species. Primate mothers often stay with their offspring for extended periods of time. Singer (2009) notes that not only do humans have intelligence and language comprehension, but so do great apes, border collies and grey parrots. A famous gorilla named Koko has scored between 70 and 95 on human IQ tests as well as being able to understand approximately one thousand different signs. In addition, Alex the African grey parrot was able to grasp m ore than a hundred words and was able to answer novel questions presented to him on top of being able to understand basic concepts involving shapes and colours (Singer, 2009). Evidence exists of Meerkats who will risk their own safety to stay with family members who are ill or injured (Gruen, 2003). The usage of tools is also common in the non-human animal world, as is the ability to understand symbolic representations, the basis for language. Some non-human animals even possess some of humanitys less pleasing cognitive abilities, such as the ability to engage in manipulative or deceptive behaviour (Gruen, 2003). The sum of this evidence is not to argue that non-human animals are identical to humans but rather it is to show that the unique behaviours and abilities that we as human beings cling to are actually found throughout the non-human animal kingdom as well, albeit in less complex forms. Some philosophers have turned to metaphysical characteristics as a way to draw the line between the human and non-human animal worlds. Kant puts forth one of the most notable examples of this position. Kants argument is based on the idea that humans are distinguishable from the non-human animal world by power of their personhood and are thus morally considered. In his 1785 Groundwork, Kant proposed that: Every rational being, exists as an end in himself and not merely as a means to be arbitrarily used by this or that will [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] Beings whose existence depends not on our will but on nature have, nevertheless, if they are not rational beings, only a relative value as means and are therefore called things (Kant 1785, 428 as quoted in Gruen, 2003). Essentially what Kant believed is that the rational ego of human beings distinguishes us from all other non-human animal life. In less distinct terms, a human being has the capability of seeing himself not only as an individual, but as a rational being able to differentiate the world that grants personhood to human beings and thus affording them moral consideration. What Kant is trying to say is that human beings are rational whereas non-human animals are not. With that being said, Kant believes that irrational animals may be dealt with and disposed of at ones discretion (Kant, LA, 7, 127 as quoted in Gruen, 2003). Kantians argue that it is the ability of human beings to question the source of their desires rationally that separates humans and animals. Whereas the non-human animal is focused only on its sensory perceptions, human beings are not only able to perceive, but question the very nature of their perceptions. According to Kant and his followers, this rational ability is the v ery reason we can justify relegating non-human animals to a lower moral position. As is obvious, there are problems with the Kantian position. Beyond the realization of an artificially imagined separation between man and beast (which is after all, the point in question), Kants position on the matter embarrassingly has difficulties with the matter of what is considered marginal humans, or human individuals that do not possess Kants rational capacity that is a prerequisite for personhood. As understood by many and supported by Singer (2009), there are some humans that fall under categories of mental retardation. For instance, the mentally challenged would have to be excluded from moral consideration by Kants logic, as they are incapable of expressing rational self-awareness that his personhood demands (Gruen, 2003). Singer (2009) demonstrates that some people with profound mental retardation have IQs lower than 25; have an ability to understand that exceeds their ability to speak and may only have the capacity to follow basic directions, and yet these people would c ertainly never be passed over for moral consideration. Whereas, dogs, horses, dolphins and pigeons have been trained to follow basic directions and perform useful work, have IQs over 25 and have an ability to understand that which exceeds their ability to speak, are. Kantians have responded to this concern in a variety of ways; as human beings, we could consider our behaviour towards these marginal individuals as indicative of our own moral sense. Or perhaps, these individuals, because they possess the capacity to become rational individuals, must be treated with the same moral consideration as all other human beings. But, by far the strongest response to the Kantian position comes from the Utilitarians, who reject rationality outright as a marker of moral consideration just as we have already rejected other supposedly unique human attributes (Garner, 2010; Gruen, 2003). Utilitarians argue that the only moral consideration worth considering is one that focuses on promoting happiness and the satisfaction of individual interests, and reducing suffering and interest frustration (Gruen, 2003). Jeremy Bentham was one of the strongest supporters of this position on moral concern. He wrote in 1781: Other animals, which, on account of their interests having been neglected by The insensibility of ancient jurists, stand degraded into the class of things [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] What else is it that should trace the insuperable line [between humans and nonhuman animals]? Is it the faculty of reason, or perhaps, the faculty for discourse? [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk, but, Can they suffer? (Gruen, 2003). According to the Utilitarian position, our moral concerns for non-human animals should be extended as far as the animals capacity to suffer and experience pain in all the ways they are capable of suffering. With the rise in populations, the need to provide mass quantities of food has created an animals nemesis. Factory farming is the most common method used to produce food for human beings, and it is done at an alarming rate. An estimated 8 billion animals in the United States are born, confined, biologically manipulated, transported and ultimately slaughtered each year in methods that create great amounts of suffering (Gruen, 2003). This position has been highly defended by modern Utilitarians who continue to argue that there is no morally justifiable way to separate humans from non-human animals when non-human animals are clearly capable of suffering. Any being capable of suffering should have its interests taken into account and should be granted the same moral consideration regar dless of being human or non-human. Sometimes the Utilitarian position is mistaken for more of an animal rights position than a morals position. Although both positions are similar, the animal rights position believes that there is no circumstance under which an animal should be subject to the will and whim of human beings. As Garner (2010) points out, the animal rights position is more for the equality between the species. One thing to note, however, is that this is not entirely the Utilitarian position. In regards to the Utilitarians belief that non-human animals should not suffer and be extended moral consideration, the Utilitarians also believe that the same would be extended to a human being. But the Utilitarian position allows for the satisfaction of the greater good in all moral matters. If, for instance, more good is done than harm by a particular action, then the Utilitarian would take up the position that the action is morally justifiable. A simpler way of perceiving this is that the Utilitarian could morally justify killing human or non-human animal, if it would save the lives of two other people. Ultimately, the Utilitarians goal is to always reduce harm and suffering, but they unfortunately (when it comes to non-human animals) are not vegetarians. Utilitarians believe that If an animal lived a happy life and was painlessly killed and then eaten by people who would otherwise suffer hunger or malnutrition by not eating the animal, then painlessly killing and eating the animal would be the morally justified thing to do (Gruen, 2003). Seemingly is seems that there are some good and some bad to both positions. Take for example the Kantian position; Emmanuel Kant did not support cruelty towards non-human animals, he just believed that they did not warrant the same moral considerations that human beings do. According to Kant, non-human animals were non-rationally thinking creatures and thus not afforded moral consideration but, he did argue that for the human beings that cause unnecessary suffering to animals. Kant believed that non-human animals were subject to the will and whim of human beings but that when they were put to work for us, they should not be strained beyond their capacities, he also believed that human beings had the right to kill non-human animals as long as it was done quickly and without pain (Kant Gregor, 1996). In essence, Kant felt that although non-human animals did not merit moral consideration, human beings had some type of a duty to them. Clearly, like the Kantian theory, the Utilitarian approach of moral concern for non-human animals is not without its own flaws. The Kantian argument fell apart because of a false distinction between human beings and non-human animals. The Utilitarians, base the fate of individuals and their relative happiness on a type of mathematical equation. Though contrary to some degree, at least on the question of extending moral concern to non-human animals, the Utilitarians recognize that there is no meaningful distinction at play between human beings and the rest of the animal kingdom. In this regard, the Utilitarians will always win out in this philosophical debate, at least for this author. Basing an arbitrary distinction between human and non-human animals just to justify cruelty and suffering is utterly beyond defence from a moral perspective. To ignore suffering because it challenges human beings imagined superior position in the world is not acceptable. Where, then, does that leave the argument of whether to extend moral concern and consideration to non-human animals. Clearly this author rejects the unsubstantiated evidence for drawing a distinct line between human beings and non-human animals, but cannot quite accept the extreme Utilitarian position that all matters of moral concern can be written like a equation. Perhaps it would be wise to investigate the work of other philosophical theories, such as ecological feminists, who argue that the entire approach to the issue is flawed because it fails to grasp the institutional culture of dominance upon which our actions are built (Gruen, 2003). Within this larger context, both the Kantian and Utilitarian positions can be seen as justifications (to vastly different degrees) for a culture that projects its will onto the entire world with dominant force. The bigger question for future consideration of this issue is to not simply question whether or not non-human animals are deserving of the same moral considerations that are granted to human beings, but whether or not human beings have moral authority in the first place to dictate such concerns and arbitrarily impose their will on the rest of the world.

The Black Cat Essay -- essays research papers fc

A Glimpse Into the World of 'The Black Cat';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Those who have read any of Edgar Allan Poe's short stories know that most of them are full of suspense and mystery and that they efflict a feeling of horror and shock upon the reader. Poe studies the mind, and is conscious of the abnormalities of his narrators and he does not condone the intellectual expedient through which they strive, only too earnestly, to justify themselves. He enters the field of the starkly, almost clinically realistic investigation of men who, although they may feel uneasy about their mental states when their tension lets up, are too far gone to understand their mania, let alone to control it (Gargano 171). His stories usually have a horrible murder theme in which there is a obsessive narrator and they follow the development of the theme step by step with a realism that, barring with genius, might case a history from the twentieth-century psychiatry. This could not be presented more clearly than in 'The Black Cat';. Those who may deny realism to Poe cannot be very familiar with our daily newspapers, which periodically carry true stories of murders committed under just abnormal psychological pressures as those described in 'The Black Cat'; (Buranelli 76). This story begins with the narrator ,who is about to be hung, confessing what he has done in some type of repention for his soul. The narrator step by step describes how he began drinking and then to neglect his dearly beloved cat and his wife. One day when he is maddened by the actions of the cat, he cuts out its eye and later kills the cat by hanging it. After his house burns down and he has lost all he owned he finds a new cat resembling all to well the first. One day while working with his wife in the cellar he is nearly tripped down the stairs by the cat, he then picks up an axe and tries to kill it but his swing is intercepted by his wife and he instead strikes her and kills her instantly. He conceals the body but then when the police come, he in a mocking manner taps the wall in which she is buried and reveals to the police what he has done(Poe). In Edgar Allan Poe's 'The Black Cat,'; his use of point of view, symbolism, foreshadowing, and theme all combine with what he calls 'a series of mere household events'; to show how the narrator is driven into madness (Poe 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tol... ...uld have not got the full effect that Poe was trying to convey, which is that just about anyone can be driven into madness and that the narrator in this story is not very different from any other person. Works Cited Buranelli, Vincent. Edgar Allan Poe: Second Edition. Boston: Twanyne Publishers, 1977. 76-77. Davidson, Edward H. Poe: A Critical Study. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957. 190. Gargano, James W. 'The Question of Poe's Narrators.'; POE: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Robert Regan. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1967. 169-171. Hoffman, Daniel. Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe. Garden City: Doubleday & Company, 1972. May, Charles E. Edgar Allan Poe: A Study of the Short Fiction. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991. 78. Poe, Edgar Allan. 'The Black Cat.'; Ed. Martha Womack. n.page.online. Internet 29 July. 1998. Available http://www.poedecoder.com./Qrisse/works/blackcat.html. Prinsky, Norman. 'The Black Cat.'; Masterplots II: Short Story Series. Ed. Frank N. Magil. Vol. 1. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1986. 231-34. Womack, Martha. 'Edgar Allan Poe's 'The Black Cat.''; n.page.Online. Internet. 2 August 1998. Available http: //www.poedecoder.com/essays/blackcat.

Themes in Frankenstein

Shelley uses multiple narrators, nested and frame narratives and an epistolary style to tell the story of Frankenstein. Comment on the effect of these and why she may have done this.Mary Shelly’s novel â€Å"Frankenstein† was written in 1818. The author uses different types of techniques to create a variety of different narrators and points of views by using a form of epistolary. Frame narration is also another great part of the novel that supports the complexity of layers in the book. These help present the suspicion element, characters point of view, the similarity between the main characters, and allow the reader to develop a personal opinion without the author resorting to the device of an omniscient narrator.The book starts with the letters from Robert Walton describing his voyage to the North Pole and his sighting of an ill man, who Walton later nurses back to health â€Å"A man in wretched condition† pg.11. After a recovery, the stranger, Victor Frankenste in, tells him the story of his life. The letters set up the novel and create suspicion due to the reader not knowing what the significance of these letters is. However, Walton is the first of the characters that tells his story, which gives the reader an advantage to conclude for himself about his opinion towards the different characters. This device, frame narrative, establishes a complex layer of stories, hence, the reader listens to Victors story, so does Walton, and Walton’s sister to him.Throughout the story, Victor occasionally interrupts and addresses Walton directly, or when Walton signs the letters he is sending off to his sister. These are the first encounters with the different language devices that Mary Shelly uses to create more depth in addition to a different structure to other books. Moreover, the reader is compelled to give more attention to the book, in order to understand the plot, and have an own opinion about the different situations in the book.Furthermo re, the letters also display the similarity between Walton and Victor, since they both seek to discover and complete objectives for the world. For example Walton describes how it will benefit the entire human race â€Å"Inestimable benefit on all mankind to the last generation† (pg.16 Walton) and Victor states that it will reveal the greatest power in the world â€Å"pioneer a new way, explore unknown powers, and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of creation† (pg.49 Victor). The ambition to figure out the answer drives them both to their death and that of other innocent lives, demonstrating how the pursuit to solve such mysteries, with desire and determination, can result differently than one’s expectations.On the other hand the letters also surface the resemblance between other characters. Walton and the creation, Frankenstein, both present their loneliness and their wish to find a friend to share their stories. The isolation and loneliness in the novel is one of the most significant themes, which are presented throughout the form of epistolary. In the opening of the letters Walton expresses his lonesomeness â€Å"I shall commit my thoughts to paper, it is true; but that is a poor medium for the communication of feeling.I desire the company of a man who could sympathize with me, whose eyes would reply to mine. You may deem me romantic, my dear sister, but I bitterly feel the want of a friend† (Shelley 10). This is one of the first encounters with the theme, but later on this suffering repeats itself with the creation, Frankenstein, ‘When I looked around I saw and heard of none like me. Was I, the, a monster, a blot upon the earth from which all men fled and whom all men disowned?'†Chap. 13 pg. 105 The most appropriate reason why Mary Shelly would come to such a structure, would be to show the similarity between a normal human and a creature, also known as a monster, and matching hopes of not resulting abandoned. Mary Shelly questions here if humans and monster share a similarity, and if the humans can also posses these qualities of monsters. This insight to the emotions and perspectives of the characters, establishes an insight for the reader to their feelings and deeper thoughts, as well as a bond between the reader and character. Mary shelly motivates the reader to develop a personal opinion about these characters and the entire story and to judge whether or no the creature is a monster or simply misunderstood.Frankenstein has a very creative structure that helps create a meaningful effect on the reader, and compelling story. This form of frame narration, multiple different perspectives, provides us with the opportunity to develop our own opinion towards the characters and their actions. Not only opinions  are formed, but we also come to realize that creatures and humans, in this novel, share certain similarities. These can be interpreted that us humans have traits, similar to monsters , or the other way around. Overall, the novel has effects that cannot be established if the form of epistolary would have not been applied. This shows the complexity of layers in this novel and how the variety stimulates the story and provokes the reader.

Relationship between SAT Scores and Family Income Essay

What is the Relationship between SAT Scores and Family Income of the Test Takers around the World? Introduction The SAT examination is mostly in today’s world of academics, a requirement of getting accepted into collage. Not only is it enough to take the examination but the student has to pass with an average score or above to even have his/her application be considered. Many students around the world recognize this and therefore apply to prep schools for the SAT or their parents send them to a higher educational institution for that purpose. The prep schools such as Princeton are not cheap however as it helps give advice on how to best tackle the SAT examination, neither are higher educational institutions. Also it can be considered a luxury service by some middle class and low class societies in the world to be able to attend either one. This being said, the SAT prep course and higher educational institutions are, as a result, aimed at the high class societies in the world or those who can afford it. If this is true, it would put families with a higher income at an advantage for their children to get accepted into collage compared to families who cannot afford for their children to take the course or school fee and learn the advice of how to pass the SAT examination with a high score. Are the collages which students aim to be accepted into for a better education really based on which families can afford for their children to take the SAT prep course or learn at a higher educational institution? The data collected from Collage Board in year 2007 was analyzed to determine whether there is a relationship between SAT scores and family income of the test takers around the world (Rampell). Statement of Task The main purpose of this investigation is to determine whether there is a relationship between SAT scores and family income of the test takers around the world. The type of data that will be collected is the SAT scores and family income of the two-thirds of test takers who voluntarily reported it to collage board when signing up for the SAT examination worldwide. The SAT scores are used to determine how high of a score the test taker got and family income to determine the possibility to send their children to SAT prep schools or better educational institutions. The data used to generate the data breaks down the average score for ten different income groups of $20,000 range. Plan of investigation I am investigating the relationship of SAT scores and family income of the test takers around the world. I have collected data on SAT scores and family income of the test takers around the world. With the collection of data that I have acquired, a number of mathematical processes were used to analyze the data: a scatter plot of the data, calculation of the least squares regression line and correlation coefficient. I am going to do a χ2 test on the data to show the dependence of SAT scores and family income of the test takers around the world. Mathematical Investigation Collected Data Family income of test takers| Percentage of test takers within each family income group| Critical reading| Math| Writing| ∑| Less than $10,000| 4%| 427| 451| 423| 1301| $10,000–$20,000| 8%| 453| 472| 446| 1371| $20,000–$30,000| 6%| 454| 465| 444| 1363| $30,000–$40,000| 9%| 476| 485| 466| 1427| $40,000–$50,000| 8%| 489| 496| 477| 1462| $50,000–$60,000| 8%| 497| 504| 486| 1487| $60,000–$70,000| 8%| 504| 511| 493| 1508| $70,000–$80,000| 9%| 508| 516| 498| 1522| $80,000–$100,000| 14%| 520| 529| 510| 1559| Table 1: Mean SAT scores per section categorized in family income of test taker in 2007 More than $100,000| 26%| 544| 556| 537| 1637| This bottom row, the â€Å"More than $100,000† I am going to consider as an outlier therefore excluded in all calculations as it goes from $100,000 up to the millions of dollar of income which is too wide of a range to include into the calculations of this assessment. Graph 1 shows the average SAT score Vs. family income of test taker. As of now, there seems to be very strong positive correlation. It does appear that the SAT scores improve as the family income increases. (Graph was generated through Microsoft Excel) Calculation of the Least Squares Regression The Least Square regression identifies the relationship between the independent variable, x, and the dependent variable, y. It is given by the following formula: y-y= SxySx2 (x-x) where Sxy= xyn- xy and Sx2=x2n-x2 Table 2: Values of Least Squares Regression x| y| xy| x2| 15000| 1301| 19515000| 225000000| 25000| 1371| 34275000| 625000000| 35000| 1363| 47705000| 1225000000| 45000| 1427| 64215000| 2025000000| 55000| 1462| 80410000| 3025000000| 65000| 1487| 96655000| 4225000000| 75000| 1508| 113100000| 5625000000| 85000| 1522| 129370000| 7225000000| 95000| 1559| 148105000| 9025000000| ∑ = 495000| ∑ = 13000| ∑ = 733350000| ∑ = 33225000000| x = 55000| y = 1444.44| xy = 79444444.44| x2 = 3691666667| These are the calculated values used in finding the Least Squares Regression Sxy= xyn- xy Sxy= 7333500009- 79444444.44 Sxy= 2038888.893 Sx=x2n-x2 Sx=332250000009-3025000000 Sx=25819.88897 y-y= SxySx2 (x-x) y-1444.44444= 2038888.893(25819.88897)2 (x-55000) y= 0.0030583333x+1276.231666 Calculation of Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient indicates the strength of the relationship between the two variables (SAT scores and family income of test taker). It is given by the following formula: r= SxySxSy where Sx= x-x2n, Sy = y-y2n and Sxy is the covariance xyn- xy. Table 3: Values of Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient x| y| x-x2| y-y2| 15000| 1301| 1600000000| 20576.30864| 25000| 1371| 900000000| 5394.08642| 35000| 1363| 400000000| 6633.197531| 45000| 1427| 100000000| 304.308642| 55000| 1462| 0| 308.1975309| 65000| 1487| 100000000| 1810.975309| 75000| 1508| 400000000| 4039.308642| 85000| 1522| 900000000| 6014.864198| 95000| 1559| 1600000000| 13122.97531| ∑ = 495000| ∑ = 13000| ∑ = 6000000000| ∑ = 58204.22222| x = 55000| y = 1444.44| | | These are the calculated values used in finding the Correlation Coefficient. Sx= 25819.88897 Sy = 58204.222229 Sy = 80.4185041 r= 2038888.893(25819.88897)(80.4185041) r=0.9819360378 r2=0.9642983824 The calculation r2=0.9642983824 suggests that the strength of the association of the data is very strong since 0.90 < r2 < 1. I compared this value of r2 with the standard table of coefficient of determinations which places it in the â€Å"very strong† category (Whiffen). r2=0.9642983824 y= 0.0030583333x+1276.231666 Graph 2 indicates that there is a strong positive linear correlation. This is also indicated through the value of correlation coefficient, 0.96.(the graph was generated through Microsoft Excel ) Calculation of a χ2 test The χ2 test is used to measure whether two classifications or factors from the same sample are independent of each other – if the occurrence of one of them does not affect the occurrence of the other. χ2= fo-fe2fe Observed Values: | B1| B2| Total| A1| A| B| A+B| A2| C| D| C+D| Total| A+C| B+D| N| Calculations of Expected Values: | B1| B2| Total| A1| A+B(A+C)N| A+B(B+D)N| A+B| A2| A+C(C+D)N| B+D(C+D)N| C+D| Total| A+C| B+D| N| Degrees of freedom measure the number of values in the final calculation that are free to vary: Df=rows-1(columns-1) Null (H0) Hypothesis: SAT scores and family income are independent from each other. Alternative (H1) Hypothesis: SAT scores and family income are dependent from each other. Table 4: Observation Values Score| Income($)| 1300-1430| 1431-1561| Total| 15000 – 55000| 4| 1| 5| 56000 – 96000| -| 4| 4| Total| 4| 5| 9| Table 2 shows the observed values for SAT score Vs. family income. The data pieces have been put into ranges that represent the income of the families of the test takers. Table 5: Calculations for the Expected Values Score| Income($)| 1300-1430| 1300-1430| Total| 15000 – 55000| 4+1(4+0)9| 4+1(1+4)9| 4+1| 56000 – 96000| 4+0(0+4)9| 1+4(0+4)9| 0+4| Total| 4+0| 1+4| 9| Table 3 shows the individual calculations for each of the expected values. Table 6: Expected Values Score| Income($)| 1300-1430| 1300-1430| Total| 15000 – 55000| 2.22222| 2.77777| 5| 56000 – 96000| 1.77777| 2.22222| 4| Total| 4| 5| 9| Table 6 shows the expected values retrieved by the calculations in table 4 χ2= fo-fe2fe χ2= 4-2.2222222.22222+1-2.7777722.77777+0-1.7777721.77777+4-2.2222222.22222 χ2=5.759995408 Df=rows-1(columns-1) Df=2-1(2-1) Df=1 The χ2 critical value at 5% significance with 1 degree of freedom is 3.841. As the χ2 value is greater than the critical value, 5.760>3.841, the null hypothesis is rejected and SAT score is assumed dependent from family income. Discussion/Validity Limitations Throughout the investigation between the correlation of SAT scores and family income, various limitations may have affected the outcome of the results. One limitation of the data collected could be that it only reflects on the people who filled in the family income section before signing up for the SAT. There is no evidence that the data reflects everyone who has taken the SAT score as there may be people who did not fill that section. Another limitation could be that not everyone in the world decide to take the SAT, people who cannot afford it or take alternative tests are being neglected. Also the data does not confirm of how many SAT takers are being considered. The data can be proved insufficient and inaccurate for those reasons. There is also a limitation in the data as it states income of â€Å"$100,000 and above†. That could mean that the data goes on unto family incomes of millions which is not proportionate to the other ranges of family income given. Due to this however, that piece of data was left out in the calculations. Continuing, there might be a limitation to the recording of the data itself as SAT takers are to take a survey where they mention family income when signing up for SAT. This might cause a problem as many SAT takers, mostly in ages 15-17, do not know the actual income of their family therefore wrong data may be entered. Then there could be a limitation to the data due to culture and race. The data does not mention culture and race which might affect the data as there might have been more American surveys who mentioned family income compared to Asian who answered the survey. Another limitation is that the table of expected values in the χ2 test has all values less than 5 which reduces its validity.   Adding on to that, there might be a limitation to the amount of data that was collected as 9 pieces of data may not prove to be sufficient enough to reflect the correlation between SAT scores and family income in a world perspective. Lastly, there may be many other factors taking place when considering the correlation between SAT scores and family income such as reasons for having a high family income and IQ of SAT test takers. Conclusion Despite of the previously mentioned limitations, the found χ2 value, 5.760, rejects the null hypothesis that SAT scores are independent from family income and accepts the alternative hypothesis that SAT scores are dependent from family income. Furthermore, the investigation clearly shows that there is a strong and positive correlation between SAT score and family income as it can be an assumed dependence from each other. Work Cited Rampell, Catherine. â€Å"SAT Scores and Family Income – NYTimes.com.† The Economy and the Economics of Everyday Life – Economix Blog – NYTimes.com. 28 Aug. 2009. Web. 01 Nov. 2010.. Downey, Joel. â€Å"SAT Scores Rise with Family Income.† Cleveland OH Local News, Breaking News, Sports & Weather – Cleveland.com. 10 Apr. 2008. Web. 01 Nov. 2010.. Whiffen, Glen, John Owen, Robert Haese, Sandra Haese, and Mark Bruce. â€Å"Two Variable Statistics.† Mathematics for the International Student: Mathematical Studies SL. By Mal Coad. [S.l.]: Haese And Harris Pub, 2010. 581-82. Print.

Technologys Effect on Environment essays

Technology's Effect on Environment essays In todays world, humans are in a very relaxed cycle: they eat, they watch television, they sleep. What most people do not realize are the health risks they are taking every day when they do their daily tasks. Humans are becoming more and more reliant on machines to do simple activities, such as changing the channel or traveling. I agree that technology does make activities uncomplicated, and genuinely makes life easier, but how can a person stay physically fit and healthy when he/she does nothing himself/herself? In Ishmael by Daniel Quinn, many environmental issues are discussed. Among the issues, Quinn talks about technology and how humans believe it to be a turning point in society, but will eventually lead to the downfall of humans. People are at great risk to their health with the advancements in technology. Not only have individuals fabricated new ways of entertainment, but have built factories, which pollute the air they breathe and water they drink. In Ishmael, Quinn tells of man trying to fly; when man fails, he does not just simply give up and wait to fly, but creates a new way, that is not fool-proof. Humans will do anything to make life easier, but for no reason than to make life easier. But is this really making life relaxing? People still have to go to work, still have to breathe in polluted air, and other such effects, all of which may be hazardous to their health. Humans keep creating objects that are harmful to the environment, and they call this technology. Well, this may be technology, but obviously citizens do not see that it is taking control of their lives. Most technology is for luxury and entertainment, while a select few fabrications are necessities, (airplanes, food machines, etc.). Peop le really need to stop relying on artificial intelligence for simple tasks. In old days, there were no cars. Every one had to walk to the market, or to a friends house. Not only was t...

Biology controlled experiments Essays

Biology controlled experiments Essays Biology controlled experiments Paper Biology controlled experiments Paper Photosynthesis is the process in which plants manufacture food. The rate of photosynthesis is affected by a number of factors: temperature being one of them.   Other factors include carbon dioxide concentration, light levels, availability of water and nutrients. Temperature can be a limiting factor to the process of photosynthesis.   Increasing temperature twice for example from 100C to 200c could double the rate of photosynthesis.   Increasing temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis since the plant’s enzymes will be working closer to their optimum temperature. Temperature also increases the kinetic energy of molecule in the cells increasing efficiency of making sugars.   Temperature beyond enzyme’s optimum will cause a drop in the rate of photosynthesis.   A greater increase in temperature above the optimum denatures enzymes so plants will not be able to photosynthesize (Factors affecting photosynthesis; A level Biology project: www.neiljohan.com) One of the byproduct of photosynthesis is oxygen. Therefore by monitoring the rate at which a plant is emitting oxygen, a conclusion can be made regarding the plant’s rate of photosynthesis. Question How does Elodea plant’s rate of photosynthesis behave with increase in temperature? Which temperature level is Elodea plant’s rate of photosynthesis optimum? Hypothesis The rate of photosynthesis of Elodea plant increases with increase in temperature until the plant reaches its optimum Prediction If all other factors limiting photosynthesis rate are kept constant, then the rate of photosynthesis will be directly proportional to increase in temperature up to a certain level after which it will start declining. Methodology Temperature is the independent variable of the experiment while the dependent variable is air (oxygen).   All other factors affecting photosynthesis e.g. light levels, availability of water, carbon dioxide level and plant nutrients are kept constant. Materials needed include: photosynthometer, Elodea plant, Beaker of water, lamp, ice, Hot water and thermometer. A piece of elodea plant is cut and put in a beaker of water with the cut end kept up by supporting it with a paper clip.   Temperature of water is varied from time to time by adding hot water to warm it up or ice to cool it down. A thermometer is used to determine the required temperature level. The independent variable (air) is measured by a photosynthometer with a tubing of 1 mm diameter. It measures the volume of air (oxygen) given off by the elodea plant.   The volume of air is measured by pulling the tube and seeing how much air bubble has increased in length using the rule of the tubing. A temperature range of 150c – 300c can be used with two replicates to obtain suitable conclusions.

A Clockwork orange essays research papers

At the start of A Clockwork Orange, you are introduced to Alex and his droogs. They are at a milkbar drinking milk-plus. Milk, plus types of drugs that enhance Alex and his droogs ultraviolence, which is the main backdrop to the story that leads to other psychological events. Drug addiction is a complex disorder that is compulsive and often uncontrollable. This is a chronic relapsing disorder, and treatment for drug addiction is about as effective as treatments for chronic medical conditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next Alex goes to a home in the country for a surprise visit of the ultra-violent kind. To persuade the wife of the house to let him in, Alex uses an intrinsic approach, pretending to be a helpless fellow in need of a telephone. This is a behavior used to fulfill an urge of Alex's, which is ultra-violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later on back at the milk bar, or Korova, Alex smacks his brother for behaving inapropriately, saying, "...For being a bastard with no manners. Without a dook of an idea about how to comport yourself public-wise, O my brother." So at this point Alex is using positive punishment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alex heads to his house where he stays with his Dad and Mum. His mother, an older woman, has purple hair. This could be from the natural aging process of the eye, making his Mum think her hair is possibly silver or blond, when instead is a deep purple. But, then again, this movie might as well be using an artistic approach, and the hair color could reflect on the fashion of the near future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alex goes in for treatment to cure his ultra-violence. The treatment is a conditioning method where he is to watch terribly movies with his eyes held open. After many, many views Alex gets sick at the slightest hint of any voilence or sex.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alex is put on stage where he is to be used in a demonstration. A man walks out, toward Alex. He begins to yell at Alex, then gets violent.

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Discussion on the 'neutrality of money' - Essay Example Most schools agree on the long term neutrality of money, and the short term non-neutrality due to stickiness of wages among other factors. However, the schools differ in their theories of money and variables and policies that affect money demand and supply and other macroeconomic variables. Quantity theory of money The classical school of economists developed the quantity theory of money, which basically meant that the price level in the economy is dependent on the money supply. According to this theory inflation is caused by an increase in money supply. According to the theory that national income equals national expenditure the equation of the quantity theory is MV=PY, with V being the velocity of circulation, meaning the number of times in a year a unit of money is spent on buying goods and services, M being money supply, P being the price level and Y the national income. Classical economists through this theory asserted the neutrality of money by claiming that Y and V are exogeno us factors and unaffected by the money supply with V being constant, thus P and M are directly related and changes in money supply would only affect the prices and not output. (Sloman, 1999) Keynes (1936) rejected the quantity theory of money by asserting that a rise in money supply may not necessarily lead to a rise in the price level. This may be due to the fact that the entire increase in money supply may not be spent and may just stay in bank accounts. The Keynesians claim the velocity of circulation is inversely proportional to M and thus the V in the equation may not be a constant. An increase in money supply may lead to an increase in output if there are unemployed resources in the economy. Thus an increase in the money supply can lead to an increase in Y, provided that the economy is not at full employment and not increase prices greatly. Similarly, a decrease in money supply could lead to a decrease in output and thus income causing a decrease in Y. According to Keynes, dem and creates supply and not the other way round, which the Classical school believed. (Graham Sahaw, 1997) Milton Freidman was one of the most vociferous critics of the Keynesians, and brought back the quantity theory of money. According to him, inflation was anywhere and everywhere a monetary phenomenon based on his historical research. According to monetarists, any increase in money supply faster than an increase in output will lead to an increase in inflation. They asserted that V and Y are independent of the money supply and thus money supply will only affect prices and not income or velocity. According to the monetarists, an increase in money supply will increase prices along with employment and output in the short run, but as the economy adjusts to new prices and wages, in a couple of years output and income will adjust downward and the real effect of the increase in money supply will be inflation and vice versa with a decrease in money supply. (D.Mizen, 2000) The new classical theorists put forth the theory of rational expectations, which asserts that markets clear quickly and expectations adjust instantly to market changes. This theory assumes that people are aware of economic conditions and adjust their expectations accordingly. Thus, money is neutral in the short term as well as the long term, as expanding money supply will automatically lead to higher expectations of inflation and in turn

Corporate Tax Policy between USA and Ireland Article

Corporate Tax Policy between USA and Ireland - Article Example The policies also vary from country to country, as they are formed to suite the existing environment. Therefore, this manuscript will compare the tax policies of USA and Ireland using the opinions of various scholars. In the article by Sinn, the author suggests that corporate tax policy in Ireland is more effective in creating jobs and tax revenue than United States. He mentions Ireland as one of the European nations that have improved their corporate tax collection through alterations in the Irish tax Code. The author further explains the different techniques applied by most European countries in corporate tax collection to generate revenue and create more jobs. For instance, the use of proportional taxes called ‘flat taxes’ are utilized to attract foreign investors. In addition, the earnings retained in the corporate sector are not taxed while those on distributions are. The article continues to applaud the corporate tax policy system of Ireland as a source of tax reve nue with a potential of creating numerous job opportunities than the US. In other words, Sinn maintains that with increased foreign investment because of friendly taxation policies, revenue is increased which in turn generates jobs (Steinmo, 1989). The author also proposes two defensive mechanisms that can help in tax collection including the corporate tax especially in European countries. For instance, Sinn talks about tax harmonization such as that of indirect taxes to the import country and de-taxation of the income earned through corporate profits. This, he argues will boost the revenue collection in Ireland, which is transformed into job opportunities across the country. It is also significant to note the observation by the author concerning tax harmonization in the corporate world and other sectors of the economy in return for an increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Sven Steinmo, on the other hand, explains the advancement of taxation policy especially in developed countr ies such as the United States and those from Europe. The author continues to explain the development of the theory of historical institutionalism in relation to the taxation policy. This is in the form of the connection of taxation policy with ideas, policy outcomes and interests. Sven proceeds to analyze the history of current taxation techniques. In this analysis, he explains the reason of how the issue of ‘good’ tax policy arose because of capitalism. In other words, the Sven reveals that many nations discovered several areas of generating revenue through utilization of fresh ideas. As a result, the government jumped in the advancement of the economy because of the new revenue resources such as corporate organizations and other sectors. The writer explains that this was not possible during the old days hence such a move attracted many policy makers and other stakeholders. Sven further analyses the politics involved in the tax policy system of the United States especi ally during the 1980s. This article puts emphasis on the Tax Reform Act that swept America in 1986 (TRA ’86). The author describes how the influence of this historic Act under the presidency of Ronald Reagan influenced other states around the world in the implantation of their tax reforms. Such tax reforms led to improved corporate tax policy systems in Europe especially in Ireland. This helped generate revenue and create job opportunities for their citizens. The author further points that, the integration of corporate taxes, and progressive income had several influences on the proceeding taxation developments. This led to the transformation of many nations into modern states because of increased

Descartes' Discourse on the Method (Part IV) Research Paper

Descartes' Discourse on the Method (Part IV) - Research Paper Example Descartes’ Discourse on the Method (Part 4) In part four of his Discourse method, Rene Descartes delves into finding out the metaphysical basis of knowledge or truth. Having resolved to doubt any belief that he had earlier on held, and to subject all his earlier beliefs into critical evaluation through his discourse method, Descartes had to find a rational basis of knowledge that would serve as the foundation for his system of Philosophy. Descartes sought to break from the past after realising that he could doubt everything that he had earlier on held as the truth, he therefore, realised that all the theories of truth or of knowledge that his predecessors had given were insufficient and false. Descartes, therefore, started doubting everything including his own existence. But in the course of proving his own existence, Descartes ended up with a surprising argument proving God’s existence. This paper analysis and evaluates Descartes discourse method in part four and focus es on how Descartes deviated from proving his own existence as the basis of all knowledge to prove the existence of God as the source of truth. ... le he can doubt everything, he cannot, however, doubt his own existence because the doubting of his own existence requires him first to exist so as to be able to doubt. Consequently, one has to be so as to doubt, and with this realisation, Descartes found an indubitable basis of truth that would serve as the basis of his epistemology. Following this realisation he proclaimed, ‘’I think, therefore I am’’ (Descartes, Discourse on the Method, Part Four, online). This means that his very doubting self is the proof of his existence. Descartes, therefore, conceived himself as a thinking self because his thinking or doubting nature is the only thing that he could not doubt. But proving his own existence wasn’t the end of his journey in finding out the metaphysical foundation of knowledge. This is because after proving the truth of his own existence, he had now to proceed to prove the truth of other things external to him. Having proved his own existence as an indisputable truth, Descartes sought to know what makes propositions true. Since some propositions are true, like the one that he had already proved about his own existence, there must be something universal in such propositions that make them true. And reflecting on the proposition that he had already proved as indubitable truth, Descartes realised that the only assurance that he had of the truth of the proposition, I think, therefore I am, is that he could clearly and distinctly see that in order to think, he had to exist first. Descartes, therefore, took it as a general rule, that whatever is conceived clearly and distinctly must be true (Descartes, Discourse on the Method, Part four, online). But the problem in applying his general rule lay in recognizing the things that could be conceived clearly and

Success in Modern Labor Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Success in Modern Labor Market - Essay Example Under conditions of globalization it is possible to reflect one’s abilities from different prospects. We live at interesting times and we are fascinated by the diversities of the modern globalized world. Thesis statement: labor market of the 21st century is a new way for employees’ treatment, to their performance, which is based on their personal interests and concerns, which, if respected by the company, are perfectly integrated with the main goals and values of the company. The vision about the modern labor market changed and the vision about success has changed as well. With regards to the immense opportunities of self-development, it is possible to position oneself as he wants in a social sphere and play for example a role of a perfect wife, mother or housekeeper and at the same time remain a successful employee. Such options are provided by numerous companies, such as Google Plexes, for example. Different opportunities may lead to integration of culturally diverse employees and work in the name of a perfect conglomerate development. Modern developments in economics To begin with, it is necessary to outline current developments in the context of modern employment practices. Employers are no more interested in manufacturing employment or knowledge-based occupations. Nowadays each employer chooses the best individual, whose skills are endless and whose imaginative thinking may open a global horizon for future development. There is a need to invest in capable and talented workforce in order to succeed globally. For modern companies success means keeping catching up with the rest of companies internationally. Employees in the global market are characterized by flexibility and their ability to catch up with the changing norms and processes in the labor market. Such features as initiative, energy drive, mental sturdiness, and emotional stability, creative thinking, striving for perfection, inspiration and many other features are dominant. Therefore, it is relevant to focus on different tendencies in the labor market internationally in order to make some conclusions about the best ways to succeed. Performativity On the example of case study about Egyptian women, performativity option as the right way to success will be considered further on. Women in this country have witnessed that currently they have numerous opportunities for their self-development, realization of their career inspirations etc. Labor participation of Egyptian women is on halt, though in their academic performance they have higher rates in comparison with Egyptian men (Hassanien, 2010). Unfortunately, Egyptian women are often characterized as â€Å"women at leisure†, because there is a too high barer for gender-work interplay in Egypt. In terms of gender performativity it should be noted that case with Egypt is interesting and resonance. They have creative thinking, imaginative potential, good credentials and degrees but they do not have their jobs or well-paid jobs. It means that Egyptian labor market requires restandartization in accordance with global labor market needs. Moreover, there is an option to show that it is possible to reach success in this country in the labor market. Such a successful entrepreneur is Azza Fahmy. She is one of the leading jewelry designers in the Middle East. She has combined her innovative and creative thinking and her craftsman skills. In the result she became the CEO of Azza Fahmy Jewellery. Earlier this

Cenozoic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cenozoic - Essay Example Solar radiation change was one of the prime causes of this glaciation during the Cenozoic Period. The later part of this glaciation took place in the high altitudes. Some of the main landforms on this planet were created during this particular period. Among them the mentionable ones are: Tibetan Plateau, Andes and the Himalayas. (Menzies 47) The Mesozoic Extinction survivors continued to live during the Cenozoic Period. This was the time when modern birds appeared for the first time during of their evolutionary journey. Savanna grasslands were seen in many parts of the world. Most of the vertebrates lived in the sea. However, there were insect eaters and herbivores in the lands. A complete extinction of the dinosaurs took place on the course of Cenozoic Period. The Scablands was the main creation in the state of Washington by the flood from Lake Missoula in the Cenozoic Period. The floodwater went to Pacific Ocean from Lake Missoula during this age. According to the records, the rate of flow of this water was 60 times more than the regular flow of Amazon water. The Eastern Washington was entirely flooded by the water which rushed throughout the land at a speed of about 50 miles per hour. Today, the 'Scablands' is the main evidence of this phase in the state of Washington. Cenozoic Period is considered as the recent most period in the world. Therefore surprises with evidences of this era are still found on our planet. One such incident took place in Denmark when a fossil of Cenozoic parrot was discovered there. The wingspan of this parrot is said to be about 20 feet. Northwestern Jutland is the place where the fossil has been discovered. According to the scientists, the fossil belongs to a time period, which is almost 55 million years from now. They have also said that this is one of the oldest parrot species that have been discovered so far. The genus of this parrot, according to the researchers, is known to be Mopsitta. However, the men who discovered it have named it "Danish Blue". (United Press International 2008) References 1. Fossils. University of Waikato, 2008, retrieved from: http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/FossilCenozoic.shtml on November 17, 2008 2. Age of Mammals: Cenozoic. Te Era, 2005, retrieved from: http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/Geology/Fossils/4/en on November 17, 2008 3. Menzies, John. Modern and Past Glacial Environments: Revised Student Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann. 2002. 4. "Cenozoic Fossil Parrot Found in Denmark". United Press Inter

Descartes' Discourse on the Method (Part IV) Research Paper

Descartes' Discourse on the Method (Part IV) - Research Paper Example Descartes’ Discourse on the Method (Part 4) In part four of his Discourse method, Rene Descartes delves into finding out the metaphysical basis of knowledge or truth. Having resolved to doubt any belief that he had earlier on held, and to subject all his earlier beliefs into critical evaluation through his discourse method, Descartes had to find a rational basis of knowledge that would serve as the foundation for his system of Philosophy. Descartes sought to break from the past after realising that he could doubt everything that he had earlier on held as the truth, he therefore, realised that all the theories of truth or of knowledge that his predecessors had given were insufficient and false. Descartes, therefore, started doubting everything including his own existence. But in the course of proving his own existence, Descartes ended up with a surprising argument proving God’s existence. This paper analysis and evaluates Descartes discourse method in part four and focus es on how Descartes deviated from proving his own existence as the basis of all knowledge to prove the existence of God as the source of truth. ... le he can doubt everything, he cannot, however, doubt his own existence because the doubting of his own existence requires him first to exist so as to be able to doubt. Consequently, one has to be so as to doubt, and with this realisation, Descartes found an indubitable basis of truth that would serve as the basis of his epistemology. Following this realisation he proclaimed, ‘’I think, therefore I am’’ (Descartes, Discourse on the Method, Part Four, online). This means that his very doubting self is the proof of his existence. Descartes, therefore, conceived himself as a thinking self because his thinking or doubting nature is the only thing that he could not doubt. But proving his own existence wasn’t the end of his journey in finding out the metaphysical foundation of knowledge. This is because after proving the truth of his own existence, he had now to proceed to prove the truth of other things external to him. Having proved his own existence as an indisputable truth, Descartes sought to know what makes propositions true. Since some propositions are true, like the one that he had already proved about his own existence, there must be something universal in such propositions that make them true. And reflecting on the proposition that he had already proved as indubitable truth, Descartes realised that the only assurance that he had of the truth of the proposition, I think, therefore I am, is that he could clearly and distinctly see that in order to think, he had to exist first. Descartes, therefore, took it as a general rule, that whatever is conceived clearly and distinctly must be true (Descartes, Discourse on the Method, Part four, online). But the problem in applying his general rule lay in recognizing the things that could be conceived clearly and

Cenozoic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cenozoic - Essay Example Solar radiation change was one of the prime causes of this glaciation during the Cenozoic Period. The later part of this glaciation took place in the high altitudes. Some of the main landforms on this planet were created during this particular period. Among them the mentionable ones are: Tibetan Plateau, Andes and the Himalayas. (Menzies 47) The Mesozoic Extinction survivors continued to live during the Cenozoic Period. This was the time when modern birds appeared for the first time during of their evolutionary journey. Savanna grasslands were seen in many parts of the world. Most of the vertebrates lived in the sea. However, there were insect eaters and herbivores in the lands. A complete extinction of the dinosaurs took place on the course of Cenozoic Period. The Scablands was the main creation in the state of Washington by the flood from Lake Missoula in the Cenozoic Period. The floodwater went to Pacific Ocean from Lake Missoula during this age. According to the records, the rate of flow of this water was 60 times more than the regular flow of Amazon water. The Eastern Washington was entirely flooded by the water which rushed throughout the land at a speed of about 50 miles per hour. Today, the 'Scablands' is the main evidence of this phase in the state of Washington. Cenozoic Period is considered as the recent most period in the world. Therefore surprises with evidences of this era are still found on our planet. One such incident took place in Denmark when a fossil of Cenozoic parrot was discovered there. The wingspan of this parrot is said to be about 20 feet. Northwestern Jutland is the place where the fossil has been discovered. According to the scientists, the fossil belongs to a time period, which is almost 55 million years from now. They have also said that this is one of the oldest parrot species that have been discovered so far. The genus of this parrot, according to the researchers, is known to be Mopsitta. However, the men who discovered it have named it "Danish Blue". (United Press International 2008) References 1. Fossils. University of Waikato, 2008, retrieved from: http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/FossilCenozoic.shtml on November 17, 2008 2. Age of Mammals: Cenozoic. Te Era, 2005, retrieved from: http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/Geology/Fossils/4/en on November 17, 2008 3. Menzies, John. Modern and Past Glacial Environments: Revised Student Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann. 2002. 4. "Cenozoic Fossil Parrot Found in Denmark". United Press Inter

How technolgy effects my community Essay Example for Free

How technolgy effects my community Essay The town I am writing about is Mynydd Isa. This is a small town just outside of Mold in Flintshire. It has a population of about 6000 people. The town its self is centralised around a group of small shops. The town is very quaint and houses 3 schools. CCTV The first technology I have chosen to write about is the security camera. There are CCTV cameras installed, albeit discreetly, at almost every social area in my community, such as the local shop, the library, the chip shop and even my school and homes throught Mynydd Isa. Security cameras are set up for any number of reasons but mostly for protection of property and piece of mind. If a business such as a small corner shop or house felt that it needed a little more security and protection for their premises and prevent their livelihood or cherish home from being vandalised or maybe a theft, what better way to protect it than to install a security camera. This is a great deterrent for the youths who may be hanging around the properties at night. It also gives the shops customers or home owners an extra sense of well being, allowing them to go to the shop at night or even in the cover of darkness, they know they are being monitored by the security cameras. This is true of many older people in particular, as large gangs of teenagers hanging around , even if they do not mean harm, can be intimidating to an older person. Therefore, having the cameras does allow them to feel they can still retain their independence. Once a camera is installed, it can be connected to a television monitor. This would mean that the owner of the security camera could see exactly what the camera was seeing at real time allowing the owner not to miss anything. Also, this could then be recorded using any simple VCR. This would allow the owner to record any incidents outside for further reference if required as evidence in court and as the motto goes seeing is believing. There are many different styles and features on a security camera such as night vision. This allows the owner to protect his property at night during the cover of darkness. Some cameras are also built on to a pivot, which allows them to spin a full circle, which would allow them to view a full 360 degrees around it. Some cameras have wireless internet connection that would allow the owner of the camera to watch what was going on from their computer or laptop. Most security cameras, however, are owned by the Council and are monitored in County Hall by Flintshire County Council workers twenty four hours per day. This is very beneficial to the community because if they see any suspicious or criminal behaviour, they can contact the police who can come to the scene of the disturbance immediately and put an end to it, so this again will be reassuring people in the community that they are safe and well protected from any anti social behaviour. The Security cameras which are used at the shopping area of Mynydd Isa are the Sony IP Pan-Tilt-Zoom camera. This is because they can move 180 decrees around allowing them to get a better view of the area. The camera is also infa red so they have the ability to see in the dark. The cameras around the shopping area are also strategically placed so that they cover the whole shopping area so no where is left unseen.

Compare and Contrast two Theories of Major Depression

Compare and Contrast two Theories of Major Depression Depressive disorders are the most frequently diagnosed psychopathological disorders; the two most common forms of depression are unipolar and bipolar disorders. This essay will focus on unipolar disorder and for simplicity, will be referred to as depression. Even though social factors evidently contribute to depression, it makes more sense that such disorder should have biological basis. Hammen, 1997 proposed four different reasons to support such belief: Symptoms of depression include physical changes, depression appears to run in families, success of medication and particular kinds of illness/injury/drugs could give rise to depression. This essay will explore the similarities and differences between the biological and psychological explanations of depression, specifically looking at neurotransmitter dysfunction (biochemical factors), genetic factors (twin/adoption studies), Becks theory of depression (cognitive explanations), Freuds theory (psychodynamic explanation) and life event s (socio-cultural factors). One biological account for depression is that biochemical factors are involved; the view indicates that depression is caused by a deficiency of neurotransmitters; norepinephrine and serotonin. Norepinephrine levels in the brain are often low in depressed patients. In addition, post mortem studies have revealed an increased density of norepinephrine receptors in the brains of depressed suicide victims (Bunny and Davis, 1965). On the other hand, the link between low synaptic serotonin level and depression is supported by the fact that the cerebrospinal fluid in depressed patients holds a smaller amount of a major serotonin by-product, demonstrating a lower level of serotonin in the brain (McNeal and Cimbolic, 1986). Moreover, Delgado (1994) demonstrated low serotonin levels was associated with depressive symptoms by giving depressed patients (on antidepressants) a special diet which lowered their level of tryptophan, one of the precursors of serotonin; patients reported depressive symp toms which disappeared when their diet returned to normal. Although the biological explanations of depression have received more research support, the psychological explanations have also been significant. It is likely that, the biological factors cause the development of depression, while the psychological factors maintain the disorder. It is also likely that two or more factors are needed for such disorder to develop. People may become depressed only if they have low levels of serotonin, feel helpless and blame themselves for the negative events that happen to them (Comer, 2003). An alternative explanation for depression is Becks, 1967 (cited in Davey, 2008) cognitive theory of depression, a psychological account. He proposed that depressed individuals feel the way they do since their thinking is biased towards negative interpretations of the world; this is caused by acquiring a negative schema during childhood. Such negative schemas are triggered whenever an individual encounters a new situation similar to the original conditions in which the schemas were learnt. Negative schemas are also subject to certain cognitive biases in thinking; both negative schemas and cognitive biases maintain the negative triad, a negative view of one self, the world and the future. Other cognitive explanations include the learned helplessness theory (failing to control unpleasant experiences) and the hopelessness theory (negative expectations of the future). Both explanations differ in terms of treatment. Treatment stemming from the biochemical account (antidepressants) treats the symptoms and not the ultimate cause with only about 65% effectiveness; in contrast the cognitive accounts are associated with successful therapies for depression. Butler and Beck (2000) concluded that about 80% of adults benefited from cognitive therapy which aims to treat the cause of the disorder. Becks cognitive therapy was more successful than drug therapy and had a lower relapse rate, supporting the proposition that depression indeed has a cognitive basis. In support, Wu, Buchsbaum, Hershey, Johnson and Bunney (1999) demonstrated that uncontrollable negative events (learned helplessness) led to changes in norepinephrine and serotonin levels; further illustrating how by treating such biochemical changes, the ultimate cause of depression is not dealt with. Despite these differences in treatment, a similarity between the treatments is the effects are not imme diate. It takes a number of weeks before the effects of drugs (antidepressants) on depression can be noticed regardless of the fact that antidepressants raise serotonin levels immediately; low levels of neurotransmitters therefore cannot be the straightforward explanation for depression (Kennett, 1999 cited in Cardwell Flanagan, 2004). Moreover, cognitive therapy sessions are taken over weeks, even months before results are noticed. An additional similarity is that not everyone who suffers from depression is helped by serotonin-based drugs and cognitive therapy (individual differences), suggesting that there are other causes for the disorder. In terms of biochemical factors, it is not clear why some people become depressed when their serotonin or norepinephrine levels are low, whereas others with low levels of serotonin or norepinephrine remain depression free. Freud, 1917 (cited in Strachey, 1961) established a further psychological account for depression. He described how, when a loved one is lost, there is a phase of mourning however for some, this phase never seems to end; they continue to exist in a state of melancholia (Freuds term for depression). Freud also believed that we unconsciously harbour negative feelings towards those we love and when we lose those we love, these negative feelings are turned on ourselves. In some cases, we continue a pattern of self-abuse and self-blame; according to this view, depression is anger turned against oneself. A further psychological account is life events (socio-cultural factors). Brown and Harris (1978) studied depressed women in London and found two situations which appeared to increase a persons helplessness to life events. First was the presence of long-term difficulties and secondly the existence of vulnerability factors. Dohrenwend, Shrout, Link, Martin and Skokol (1986) supported this by claiming that depressed patients characteristically experience higher level of negative life events in the year before a depressive episode. The psychological accounts reject the view that the disorder is caused by genetics and brain chemistry but by life events the environment. Similarly, the biological accounts reject the view that depression is caused by psychological factors; instead it favours the idea that the disorder is caused by a deficiency of neurotransmitters, neurocognitive impairment and genetics. Freud focused on the relationship between an individual and a loved one whereas the genetic explanation ignores the impact of the environment. The genetic explanation is an alternative biological account; the view considers that certain individuals have certain genes which predisposes an individual to the disorder. Moreover the disorder can be inherited; as a result of this we would anticipate to find that relatives (i.e. twins) have similar chances of developing depression. Studies of twins have consistently found concordance rates of around 46% for monozygotic twins compared to 20% for dizygotic twins (McGuffin, 1996) suggesting depression has a substantial inheritable component. Further evidence comes from adoption studies; Wender in 1986 studied the biological relations of adopted people who had been hospitalised for serious depression and found there was a much higher incidence of depression in these relations than those of a non-depressed control group. The evidence for biological factors in the onset and progress of depression is strong but not as strong as that for schizophrenia; as with schizophrenia, many of these biological factors (i.e. genes, biochemical factors) are not ultimate causes and may be only peripherally or indirectly involved. A fundamental difference between the biological accounts (biochemical and genetic factors) and the psychological accounts (Freuds theory and life events), is that the biological accounts are based on an internal origin of depression within an individual, both our genes and our biochemical levels are within us, whilst Freuds theory and life events are focused on external events from our bodies (i.e. the loss of a loved one). A similarity between the biological accounts and Freuds theory is both are determinist, indicating that depression is down to factors outside our control (genes, biochemistry, subconscious, thoughts). Some would argue that depression is developed due to factors within our control (i.e. way we think), the approach Becks cognitive theory of depression takes. Additionally, Becks theory of depression is not determinist; it explains how depression is down to our thinking and how we have the ability to change these thoughts, especially through successful cognitive thera py. A similarity between the biological accounts, Freuds and Becks theory is that they can all be argued to be reductionist. The biochemical and genetic explanation does not take into account significant psychological stressors (i.e. life events), making the theories over simplistic when considered as an explanation of depression; reducing the explanation of depression down to biological factors alone. However, research has shown that our environment can affect factors such as our biochemistry (Wu et al., 1999) suggesting that other factors do in fact play a part in the development of depression. The fact that these explanations do not consider both environmental and cognitive factors as reasons to the development of depression is a negative criticism. Both Freuds and Becks theory of depression reduce depression down to the loss of a loved one and the way we think, in addition both theories do not consider other possible factors such as genes. A further similarity is that, all accounts f or depression do not provide a complete explanation of the disorder, ignoring important factors which have evidently shown to influence the development of depression. It is perhaps best to consider an approach which incorporates both biological and psychology factors in explaining the development of depression. The diathesis-stress model indicates that there is a genetic vulnerability to the disorder but this triggered when an individual has been exposed to a stressful life event. Both these factors are necessary for such disorder to develop, this is way not all children (twins) with depression develop the disorder and why the concordance rate for the disorder in monozygotic twins is nothing like 100%. To conclude, both biological and psychological accounts are related to some successful therapies. They are interdependent in so far as it is clear that some people are vulnerable to becoming depressed and for example, life events may trigger the onset of depression. Both explanations are determinist since they suggest that internal/external events cause depression; differences between both the biological and psychological explanations can be found b y looking at specific accounts, and for example, looking at the lack or strength of research evidence and the implications.

Toll like receptors and their therapeutic potential Essay -- essays re

Cellular Basis Of Disease: Why has the discovery of Toll-like receptors revolutionised our understanding of how the innate immune system works, and what is the therapeutic potential? The body has two immune systems: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. Adaptive, or acquired, immunity refers to antigen-specific defence mechanisms that take several days to become protective and are designed to react with and remove a specific antigen. This is immunity develops throughout life. Innate immunity refers to antigen-nonspecific defence mechanisms that a host uses immediately or within several hours after exposure to an antigen. This is the immunity that you are born with, and is the initial response by the body to eliminate microbes and prevent infection. It is in the innate immune system that Toll-like receptors are important in helping our understanding. The most important role of the innate immune system is to react rapidly to infectious agents with the initiation an inflammatory response, and to shape the subsequent adaptive immune responses. There are currently two different models for immune system induction. The first model predicts the recognition of non-self determinants on pathogens, and the other, more controvertial, model predicts that there is recognition of damage or danger to self-tissues. In the first model, pathogens are recognised by either specific or general components of their structure. A system referring to the patterns that are recognised are the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and the receptors recognising them are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The second model, put forward by Matzinger, is that it is the danger itself that is sensed. It is argued that it is tissue damage or cellular debris from necrotic cells that sends the signal for the immune system to initiate a response. The presence of DNA or RNA, that shouldn't be outside of the cell, may cause an alarm signal. Heat shock proteins released from the cell, or mannose that is normally cleaved off, may also serve as an alarm signal. It is suggested that the PRRs are there to recognise these endogenous signals from ruptured cells, and not to recognise pathogens as proposed in the first model. It is the first model that is most widely accepted in the scientific community, and it is this model of events that I shall describe. Activation of the ... ...77(9):7059-65 9. Horng T. et al., 2002. The adaptor molecule TIRAP provides signalling specificity for Toll-like receptors. Nature. 420(6913):329-33 Takatsuna H., et al. 2003. Identification of TIFA as an adapter protein that links TRAF6 to IRAK-1 in IL-1 receptor signaling. J Biol Chem. 2003 Yang L, Blumbergs PC, Jones NR, Manavis J, Sarvestani GT and Ghabriel MN (2004). Early expression and cellular localization of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human traumatic spinal cord injury. Spine. 29: 966-71 Therapeutic targeting of Toll-like receptors for inflammatory and infectious diseases. O'Neill LA. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2002 Oct;1(10):797-807 Role of toll-like receptors and their adaptors in adjuvant immunotherapy for cancer. Seya T, Akazawa T, Uehori J, Matsumoto M, Azuma I, Toyoshima K. Anticancer Res. 2003 Nov-Dec;23(6a):4369-76 Toll-like receptor signaling in anti-cancer immunity. Okamoto M, Sato M. J Med Invest. 2003 Feb;50(1-2):9-24 H. Hemmi, et al., "A toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA," Nature, 408(6813):740-5, 7 December 2000. bst.portlandpress.com/ bst/031/0637/bst0310637.htm

The Destruction of the Igbo Indigenous Culture in Things Fall Apart Ess

In Things fall apart, Chinua Achebe showed us the richness of the Igbo traditional culture as well as the destruction of it through the activities of British missionaries. The appearance of Christianity on the Nigerian tribal land led to the disintegration of belief in the Igbo society, and made way for British colonization. Were the British the only cause of the destruction of the Igbo culture? The appearance of a new religion was not the sole reason for the loss of a tradition. The Igbo people also lost their culture because of many unreasonable conceptions in their spirituality. To colonize the land of Nigerian tribal people or any other lands in the world, the British wisely used religion as a tool of invasion. Though the process of spreading Christianity took longer time than war and killing, the attack on belief and spirituality made the native people completely submit to the new government which generated and supported the religion that those people followed. In fact, the British missionaries succeeded in convincing the Igbo people of the new religion despite the Igbo’s conservativeness and extreme superstition. When the missionaries arrived in Mbanta, the mother land of Okonkwo, they did not achieve their goal of convincing people at the first time. They talked about the new and only God and tried to persuade the Igbo that they had been worshipping the false Gods of wood and stone (145), but the Igbo only thought that they were mad, some even went away while the missionaries were speaking. However, the strangeness of those missionaries and the new religion somehow attracted the Igbo: Then the missionaries burst into song. It was one of those gay and rollicking tunes of evangelism which had the ... ...tion that had existed in the Igbo society and caused things to fall apart. The novel Things fall apart depicts the cultural battle between the Igbo and the British: one was trying to keep its tradition, and one wanted to change those traditions by replacing them with a new religion. Finally, the British won because of they could figure out the falsehood in the indigenous people’s degenerate customs and attack it. Nothing in this world is perfect, and it is hard for a culture to be perfect. However, if a culture wants to develop and thrive, it should respect the value of its entire people. That was the reason why the Igbo culture was destroyed, because of its conservativeness, gender differentiation and superstitiously killing of the innocent. Work Cited Chinua Achebe - Chinua Achebe - Things Fall Apart: A Novel - New York - Broadway Books - 1994

Child Advocacy Essay

Explanation Paper on Child Advocacy soc 4800 Dr. Schmidt Child advocacy refers to a range of individuals, professionals and advocacy organizations who promote the optimal development of children. An individual or organization engaging in advocacy typically seeks to protect children’s rights which may be abridged or abused in a number of areas. This type of occupation advocates for all children whether they are a boy or a girl. Children in all areas of the globe experience some sort of abuse and without omeone in place to be that voice for them, their cries are left unheard. My presentation points out the Job description of a child advocate and how someone can take this position to make a difference. I intern at the Haven which is a battered women’s shelter and I see firsthand how children are affected by abuse. Child advocates don’t make much money to do what they do, however, the reward is eternal. Child advocates exist in school, community, and home environments, and ork on an individual, group or governmental levels to protect and nurture children. In most circumstances, mothers, fathers, family and teachers all advocate on behalf of children, although it is well recognized that we all have the ability and responsibility to advocate on behalf of children. Eight Canadian provinces. including Ontario, have an official Child Advocate whose job it is to protect the interests and welfare of all the children in the province. Within he criminal Justice system, child advocates are concerned with the developmental needs of children and young people, and can play an important role in ensuring due process rights for young people in conflict with the law. They can help provide a voice for children and young people, ensure Just and humane conditions of custody, and guard the privacy rights surrounding record provisions. They can also work to ensure that the special legal protections assigned to young people are provided with dignity and fairness.

1000 Words on Proper Uniform

The Importance of obeying orders and being on time for duty. There are many reasons why a soldier, (doesn't matter the rank) should obey orders from anyone above him or her in the chain of command. Sometimes its good to listen to people soldiers below you too because they maybe smarter at the task then you are. One reason is that the military is revolved around higher ranking soldiers leading the lower ranking soldiers, they’re more experienced in the military then I am and been deployed more than i have.If everyone in the military just did their own thing then we wouldn't be a successful army and then our country wouldn't be as strong as it is. Every higher up gives an order for a reason, we may not like the reason but in the end most of the orders and decisions will be smart ones i guarantee. We were taught as children to obey our higher-ups. Starting from our parents, teachers, managers, police officers and etc†¦ So how does this relate to the military?Well, when a per son enlists in the United States Military, active duty or reserve, they take the following oath, â€Å"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and the orders of the officers appointed over me, according to regulations and the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Right there you are making a promise to the United States Military. Before you or I even put on the uniform, you promise you’ll obey the orders of the President and the orders of the officers appointed over you. Military discipline and effectiveness is built on the foundation of obedience to orders. Brand new privates are taught to obey, immediately and without question, orders from their superiors, right from day one of boot camp. Almost every soldier can tell you that obedience was drilled into their heads at one point in Basic Training.For example, no talking in the chow line, don’t talk with your hands, head and eyes forward, no smiling, stand a parade rest, and of course the famous â€Å"Yes Drill Sergeant / No Drill Sergeant†. Those are just the simple orders you are made to obey in the military. Greater orders mean bigger consequences. Military members who fail to obey the lawful orders of their superiors risk serious consequences. Military discipline and effectiveness is built on obedience to orders.Recruits are taught to obey, immediately and without question, orders from their superiors, right from day-one of boot camp. Which is why we work so well by following orders from the more experienced leaders who have been doing this for years? We have plenty of obedience in Bravo Company and I feel it is one of the best companies in the unit. It has made me want to pursue a career in the military and I know rules and regulations is what am going to make me move up the ranks and make me an all around better soldier.I know I need to work on discipline sometimes and I am doing corrective training right now to make me become a better soldier. So in my essay I have listed many characteristics which in the history and present day made what the army is today. I feel the army values have a big role in rules and regulations because if you follow the values you will not stray off in being disobedient. It's very important to follow directions, or else the world would be in chaos.When some tells you that you must follow directions so that everything can go in an orderly fashion, it's important do because they know what's going to happen if you don't. It's important to follow directions because if you don't something can go wrong, its important follow directions because if you don't you will get in trouble, and it is also important to follow directions because if you don't you'll be writing this essay too. It is important to follow directions beca use if you don't something can go wrong.If you decide to cross the street and someone tells you not to, their telling you for a reason, maybe so that you won't get hit by a car or get shot at in a drive by shooting. It's important follow directions because if you don't you'll get in trouble, if you decide to cross the street after they told you not to, you'll suffer. The importance of reporting on time to the soldiers appointed place of duty is not a task to be taken lightly.Every soldiers has important tasks set out for them no matter what the individual soldier may think about why they are doing that particular job it must be done for a reason that may not be told to that soldier until the task is complete. Reporting to the task on time and in the correct uniform is not to be taken lightly because if that soldier is late to their assigned task then that would mean that a different soldier would have to take the late soldiers place until they rrive which might not seem like a lot t o some people but what if that soldier who was not late had and in most cases would have their own tasks to complete. Now were talking about not just one soldier but a whole organization not functioning the way that it should be or taking more time than it should have to accomplish those few simple tasks. The same thing applies when a soldier is at his appointed place of duty on time but not in the correct uniform then your talking about taking more time to go home get into the correct uniform and hurry back which would be the same thing as showing up late.